The impact of dual time delay and Caputo fractional derivative on the long-run behavior of a viral system with the non-cytolytic immune hypothesis

The impact of dual time delay and Caputo fractional derivative on the long-run behavior of a viral system with the non-cytolytic immune hypothesis

M Naim, Y Sabbar, M Zahri, B Ghanbari, A Zeb, N Gul… – Physica Scripta, 2022

Proceeding from the fact that fractional systems can better characterize the virological properties than the ordinary formulation, in the present study, we treat a Caputo fractional order viral formulation under some interesting assumptions. Our model incorporates the time delay hypothesis as well as the non-cytolytic immune mechanism and inhibition of viral replication. Analytically, we show that our enhanced delayed viral model exhibits the following three equilibria: virus-clear …